Marbury V. Madison Essays - 6th United States Congress,

Marbury v. Madison Established Law Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison, one of the primary Supreme Court cases declaring the intensity of legal survey, is a compelling contention for this force; be that as it may, it needs direct literary reason for the choice. Marshall figured out how to pull off this inadequacy as a result of the quietness on numerous issues and the obscure wording of the Constitution. During the early testing period when hardly any points of reference existed, there was a lot of discussion about key issues concerning what was planned by the expressions of the Constitution and which some portion of government ought to have the last word in characterizing the importance of these words. Marshall utilized the Marbury case to set up the Supreme Court's place as the last appointed authority. Marshall distinguished three significant inquiries that should have been replied under the watchful eye of the Court could administer on the Marbury v. Madison case. The first of these was, Has the candidate a privilege to the commission he requests? The Constitution permits that the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such substandard Officers, as they might suspect legitimate, in the President alone, . . . (Art. II, ? 2). The Judiciary Act of 1793 had given the President the option to choose government judges and judges of the harmony; there is no question that such an arrangement was inside the extension of the president's forces. Discussion emerges on the grounds that the Constitution is quiet on the specific time at which the arrangement is thought of complete. The Supreme Court decided that when a commission has been marked by the president, the arrangement is made; and that the commission is finished, when the seal of the United States has been appended to it by the [secretary of state]. This decision doesn't have direct sacred help, however it's anything but an absurd choice. The second inquiry which Marshall tended to was, If [Marbury] has a right, and that privilege has been damaged, do the laws of this nation bear the cost of him a cure? The appropriate response is intelligently yes in spite of the fact that there are no explicit words in the Constitution to help such an answer. In view of the kind of government expected by the Constitution, the administration is expected to ensure singular freedom. As Marshall says, [The government] will unquestionably stop to merit [to be named an administration of laws, and not of men] if the laws outfit no solution for the infringement of a vested right. However, with this affirmation Marshall built up the intensity of the Supreme Court to audit activities of the official branch - a force that doesn't stem straightforwardly from the Constitution. The third and last inquiry which Marshall tended to was whether Marbury is qualified for the solution for which he applies. Marshall further partitions this inquiry into two sections: the idea of the writ and the intensity of the Supreme Court. In inspecting the idea of the writ, Marshall hardens further the Supreme Court authority over individuals from the official branch. Marshall concedes that the official to whom [the writ] is to be coordinated, must be one to whom, on legitimate standards, such writ might be coordinated . . . and that the Supreme Court can't enquire how the official, or official officials, perform obligations in which they have carefulness. Yet Marshall demands that the Supreme Court can issue a mandamus [where the leader of a department] is guided by law to do a certain demonstration influencing the supreme privileges of people. This declaration doesn't have Constitutional premise. The Constitution doesn't explicitly award the Supreme Court control over both of the other parts of government. At long last Marshall gets to the inquiry dependent on which he chooses the case - the Supreme Court's locale over this case. For the first time for this situation, Marshall utilizes direct sacred premise to make his administering. He contends that, In the event that it had been planned to leave it in the attentiveness of the assembly to distribute the legal force between the preeminent and mediocre courts as indicated by the desire of that body, it would absolutely have been pointless to have continued farther than to have characterized the legal force . . . The plain import of the words is by all accounts, that in one class of cases its locale is unique and not investigative; in the other it is investigative, and not unique. He puts together this decision with respect to Art. III ? 2, which specifies the cases in which the Supreme Court will have unique purview. Marshall further keeps up that the Constitution is the incomparable rule that everyone must follow. In this dispute also Marshall has sacred premise in Art. VI, which expresses, This

Heroes, Born or Made free essay sample

The best Allied air pro of World War One, Canadian Billy Bishop, rings a bell. Some screw-up types volunteered to challenge the veracity of Bishops guarantee of 72 executes. Consequently, their proposal was demonstrated mistaken and Bishops respect and his Victoria Cross were appeared to have been respectably and appropriately earned. Another Canadian saint and VC victor was Lieutenant Alexander Roberts Dunn for his valor during the charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaklava, October 1854. Dunn was the principal Canadian to be granted a VC; from that point forward, 93 others, including Bishop, have gotten this profoundly regarded and much esteemed military respect. Maybe, of all the military decorations granted for valor anyplace on the planet, the Victoria Cross stands over all others. Obviously, the world is aware of Canadian John McCrae and his reality renowned sonnet, In Flanders Fields. McCrae and his sonnet are up front every year at Cenotaphs across Canada during November eleventh Remembrance Day administrations. In Canada, yet additionally in numerous Western nations McCraes In Flanders Fields is presented or sung at administrations to respect the individuals who ventured forward, chipped in and sometimes, kicked the bucket for majority rules system. We are the dead. Brief days prior we lived, felt first light, saw dusk shine, adored, and were cherished, and now we lie In Flanders Fields. An intriguing sidebar to the Victoria Cross is that three Winnipeggers all from a similar road got this high respect. It is accepted to be the main road on the planet to have three VC victors who lived there. The City of Winnipeg named the road Valor Road out of appreciation for Leo Clarke, Fred Hall and Robert Shankland. The boulevards past name was Pine Street. Their war was the Great War or, World War One. The Canadian Navy, as well, has its saints; among them a VC victor. In the last phases of World War Two, RCN pilot Lieutenant Robert Hampton Gray flew his blazing airplane into a Japanese destroyer. For his chivalrous activity, he was granted the VC, after death. At that point, Gray was serving locally available the Royal Navy plane carrying warship, HMS Formidable. Later occasions have seen the Canadian Navy perform honorably under pressure; and keeping in mind that this next part isn't focused on a specific individual, the legend of the piece is simply the boat and its supplement. During Operation Apollo, HMCS Ottawa was entrusted to watch the Arabian Gulf district with express directions to catch any vessel cruising in those disturbed waters with the end goal of checking its personality, inspecting its payload and travelers and discovering its goal. The prohibition obligation remembered boarding when and where fundamental for search of stash products or outlaws escaping from Iraq. Ottawa got insight that a boat a contact of intrigue was going to gauge grapple in the Arabian Gulf. The boats goal was obscure and that increased the intrigue Ottawa had in the vessel. Afterward, it was found out that the contact of intrigue was M/V [motor vessel] Roaa. The Canadian warship was requested to scan for Roaa in the Straits of Hormuz, a thin section in the Gulf between regional waters of Oman and Iran. For around three days, Ottawas ships organization, particularly the boats interchanges team, questioned delivers going through the Strait about their personalities and journey data. As the territory is limited and with much traffic, the questioning of the boats personalities and goals was frenzied. The undertaking was considerable and debilitating. As one Ottawa mariner put it later, We were only all on edge to discover the person and take care of business. The undertaking of recognizing the passing boats was something other than hailing them and getting some information a bout their nationality. Ottawas acoustic area got included as the division tried the information gathered for authenticity. Every vessel was checked against its goal. Following three days on extraordinary prohibition obligation and several checks, there was no indication of Roaa. Had she slipped the noose and cruised away unchallenged? The idea was upsetting to Ottawas groups pride. At that point, extra knowledge was gotten that showed that the contact of intrigue was tied down in the ways to deal with a close by port. This specific port had picked up the name of The Parking Lot. There, tucking away among many different vessels, was M/V Roaa. The sharp on top eye of a Canadian Aurora oceanic watch airplane had recognized the boat. Clearly, the Roaas commander had felt that in the event that he made a stop and stayed calm among the numerous different vessels in the Parking Lot, his boat would maintain a strategic distance from identification. Obviously, he had not considered the Canadians assurance to discover their prey. Presently that Roaa - the needle in the bundle - had been located, it was significant that Ottawa not part with her situation to the foe. Under front of obscurity, Ottawa slipped undetected into the territory and took over observation from another global maritime unit. Roaa was, all things considered, Ottawas focus on, her contact of intrigue. We needed to weave through around 20 boats secured near one another equitable to discover her. Those words from an individual from Ottawas group as he related the occasion later. HMCS Ottawa kept in touch with Roaa at the same time trusting that the contact of intrigue will make a move that would allow the Canadian boats maritime loading up party [NBP] to move into position. In a move that would carry credit to the best of Hollywood, Ottawas helicopter moved into position. To be sure that the boat was the right vessel the helicopters infrared camera was utilized. It affirmed that the speculate vessel was the Roaa. At the point when sunshine came, it was clear that the contact of intrigue had changed its name and had an alternate national banner flying at its harsh. It appeared that Ottawas industriousness had paid off and that Roaas trick had fizzled. Ottawa followed Roaa for around 12 hours and when the contact of intrigue moved out of regional waters into worldwide waters, the Canadian boat sped up to 30 bunches and slipped in close by the other vessel, and, as murkiness has fallen, enlightened her with high-power search lights. Ottawas boss flagged his goals to board Roaa, Ottawas NBP covertly scaled the side of the remote vessel. Before Roaas team realized that they were being overwhelmed, the extension and motor room were made sure about and Ottawa had control of the boat. Much the same as out of the motion pictures an exemplary John Wayne style move just better, in light of the fact that these were genuine Canadians completing their obligation instead of Hollywood entertainers claiming to be legends. After the boarding, one of the NBP team was asked, What was it like to be the primary individual up the stepping stool? He answered, No genuine concerns. Were constantly prepared for whatever may occur. You confide in different colleagues, on the off chance that they [the enemy] cant see you coming, it doesnt make you an objective. This courageous Canadian mariner included, at the outset, the team were truly shocked. In any case, when they understood that we would deal with them, they loosened up a piece. Once upon the contact of intrigue, Ottawas boarding party made sure about the vessel before the Roaas group could attach the counter boarding gadgets lying in hold up at each entryway, bring forth and window; sheets of metal fit to be welded on at the trace of a boarding. Preparing and a little inventiveness paid off. It was a delightful boarding. Preparing and a little innovativeness, surely! Or maybe run of the mill of Canadas maritime work force. Prepared, Aye, Ready. After Roaa was in Ottawas control, a little group from the Canadian boat took order and cruised the vessel to a detainment territory. The chief stated, later, What an encounter. It was pleasant change from routine operations. The between time skipper included, Roaa was completely foul, at the same time, luckily, I just needed to remain on the extension and didnt need to look through the kitchen or the heads. Eight hours was long enough. The chief cruised Roaa to a holding territory in the Arabian Gulf where nearby specialists started a lawful procedure. The estimation of this activity by Ottawas team is two-crease: One, the Canadian boats group increased firsthand understanding and a chance to test their preparation in this new front line, and two, the proof picked up offered joins that may prompt the catch of greater adversary. Canadas commitment to the Arabian Gulf activities was as confirm in the above model praiseworthy and put the countrys naval force at the highest priority on any rundown of stalwarts equipped for continuing ahead with the snort. Shockingly, Ottawas proceeded with delicate way to deal with detestable will in general detract from the heroics of Canadas maritime work force as they do their obligations. One is helped to remember the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 when the Soviets were determined to introducing rocket locales on Cuban soil. The Americans [USN] set a maritime bar around Cuba to stop every Soviet boat associated with conveying rockets or rocket propelling hardware. At that point, Ottawa wouldn't help Washington. The Canadian Navy, in any case, saw the need and despatched a few boats to get together with the U. S. Naval force in the bar. This move was made by the Canadian Navy chief of naval operations in control without authorize by Ottawa. As it turned out, the Canadian PM was unconscious of how the Canadian Navy had helped the American Navy. By Ottawa being kept unaware of what's going on, beneficial things had the option to be done. Had Ottawa been included, presumably a warmed conversation between the government officials and their groveling civil servants in Ottawa and the Navy would in any case be in progress, after four decades. Let the Navy continue ahead with the snort and beneficial things will occur; keep Ottawa unware of present circumstances and let more noteworthy's benefit over the lesser abhorrence win. Legends; would they say they are conceived or would they say they are made? Do they ascend to surprising statures in light of conditions or on account of destiny? [All cites are from Anatomy of a boarding, a national safeguard current tasks article. ]

Selecting the Essay Topic That Everyone Loves to Write

Selecting the Essay Topic That Everyone Loves to WriteIf you are wondering about humanities essay topics that people like to write, then you will find the list of papers from the vast masses of these topics in the internet. Just make sure that you pay attention to the topic of this article because the topic of this article is very important as well. Do not let this be a wrong idea so you do not make the mistake of following your passion when writing about humanities essay topics that people love to write.The subjects that you can choose from are diverse but the main theme is found in the three subjects mentioned above. In this way, you are easily given all of the tools that you need to succeed with the topic of your choice. You can select the subject that fits the interests that you have, and the topic will surely be placed on your assignment. If you feel that the subject you have chosen is wrong, then you can change it later on.When choosing the topic of the paper, you should first read about the topic that is the most interesting to you. The topic you select should be the topic that you enjoy and that you are passionate about. People do not like to stick to only one topic so they just pick something that they are passionate about.These topics are the types of topics that people love to write. For example, a college student would like to write a thesis about a famous person who has an extraordinary life. He or she may be from a country where the country's history has a deep significance and these topics are definitely what people love to write about.The topic you select should always come first before the topic of your assignment. When you think about it, there are many things that come first before any assignment. When you are thinking about a topic of a paper, you can include the major topics that you want to include in your assignment. These are the subjects that people would love to write about if given the opportunity. Once you have the main topic, then y ou can go on to the more topics that you want to include in your assignment. Once you have the main topic, then you will find a variety of topics that you can choose from. These subjects include national history, national laws, politics, sociology, education, philosophy, and many more topics. Once you have the main topic, then you can then begin to research the topics that you want to include in your assignment.After researching the topics, you will have two choices: either choose the subject that fits the topic that you researched or write the topic that you have researched. In writing the paper, you must consider the topic and the subject at the same time. If you do not take this into consideration, then you are sure to write the wrong paper. Thus, when you want to write a humanities essay topic that people love to write, then always consider your topic first and think about the topic first before you consider the subject.

The 40s

American Labor Movement Development of Unions Essays

The American Labor Movement of the nineteenth century developed as a result of the city-wide organizations that unhappy workers were establishing. These men and women were determined to receive the rights and privileges they deserved as citizens of a free country. They refused to be treated like slaves, and work under unbearable conditions any longer. Workers joined together and realized that a group is much more powerful than an individual when protesting against intimidating companies. Unions, coalitions of workers pursuing a common objective, began to form demanding only ten instead of twelve hours in a work day. Workers realized the importance of economic and legal protection against the powerful employers who took advantage of them.†¦show more content†¦The union was originally a secret, but later was open to all workers, including blacks, women and farmers. Five hundred thousand workers joined in a year. Their goals were an eight-hour work day, a minimum wage, arbitrat ion rather than strikes, health and safety laws, equal pay for equal work, no child labor under the age of fourteen, and government ownership of railroads, telegraphs and telephones. However, the Knights of Labor was a relatively weak organization, and eventually fell apart. (www.planetpapers.com/ Assets/306.shtml, 2) In 1886, the American Federation of Labor (AF of L) was formed and replaced the Knights of Labor. Its leader was former cigar union official Samuel Gompers who only wanted to focus on skilled workers. (www.planetpapers.com/Assets/306.shtml, 2) The founders were quoted as saying, the various trades have been affected by the introduction of machinery, the subdivision of labor, the use of womens and childrens labor and the lack of an apprentice system so that the skilled trades were rapidly sinking to the level of pauper labor. To protect the skilled labor of America from being reduced to beggary and to sustain the standard of American workmanship and skill, the trade unions of America have been established. (AFL-CIO American Federationalist, 1) The AF of L was a conglomeration of twenty-five unions that included three hundred thousand workers working for increasing wages, reducing hours, andShow MoreRelatedLegal Status of Unions1385 Words   |  6 PagesLegal Status of Unions Legal Status of Unions The history of the American labor movement coincides with the development of labor unions in the United States, from the initial local craft unions like the Federal Society of Journeyman Cordwainers (shoemakers), to the formation of national unions such as the National Labor Union (NLU) and the Knights of Labor, creation of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and the Congress of International Organizations (CIO), the merger of the AFL-CIO, andRead MoreLabor Unions And The United States1700 Words   |  7 PagesLabor unions and movements play an important role in the United States. Although they are treated synonymously, the labor movements encompass a broader scope than labor unions. Some of the examples of current labor unions and movements include National Guestworker, Domestic Workers United and Wal-Mart workers groups. The heart of the current labor initiatives in the United States can be traced back to the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Collier Collier, 2002). The l abor law was imperativeRead MoreOrganized Labor Movement1048 Words   |  5 PagesOrganized Labor Movement By 1900, the United States had become the number one industrial power in the world. One factor that allowed the country to climb to its prime position was its abundant labor supply, largely composed of immigrants who had arrived between 1865 and 1900. However, the spot came at a cost; laborers were working long hours for low wages under poor conditions for the dominating monopolies of the time. 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Also, the employees in the states with right-to work provisions can join labor unions if they wish to do so without being forced by their employers to join a union as a requirement for employment. This paper will attempt to detail the history of right-to-work laws, explain current issues, forecast future issues and solutions, and describe how New Mexico is affected by the laws. Right-to-work movements emerged inRead MoreThe past century saw major developments in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe past century saw major developments in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the United States as it grew from a burgeoning industrial nation to the world’s leading superpower. By the 1900s, giant firms such as Carneige Steel, The Standard Oil Trust, among a few others controlled 2/5th of the nation’s marketing capital. 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Reflections of the Communist Manifesto and the Social Movement free essay sample

For many, these ideals include national and social institutions, which make up the essence of their government allowing its citizens to identify with the status quo and maintain balance in their society. The question is not which institutions should be valued for most would agree that a proper balance of these make up any government; the main question lies in which institutions a society should value in order to achieve their goal, thus separating the school of thought pertaining to conservative and liberal thinkers. The simple and straightforward institution of a hierarchy comes into play when discussing the ideas of such thinkers. Maintaining a proper government is a delicate and complicated skill only acquired by the educated, rational men set out to implement it. Said skills â€Å"require a deep knowledge of human nature†¦ and of the things which facilitate or obstruct the various ends which are to be pursued by the mechanism of civil institutions† and is the civic duty of only certain members of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflections of the Communist Manifesto and the Social Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the government belonged to the State and was the sole property belonging to every individual within that State, there would never be a balance, for not every man is entitled nor has the necessary knowledge to carry out the needs of the State. In other words, not every man in society may acquire these skills in the same way considering some men will be naturally better and faster than others. Specializations do and must exist in society, some belonging to politicians and persons of State, others to farmers and shopkeepers, and others to scholars and true professionals. It is irrational to assume that one would resort to a professor of metaphysics with regards to food or medicine as opposed to a farmer or a physician1. Karl Marx rightfully entertained the idea, however, that the bourgeoisie eliminated industries and institutions (and will continue to do so), laid out by history hundreds of years before, and in doing so created an unstable and fragile ground for the birth of new institutions which would inevitably meet their doom under the control of the ever changing bourgeoisie revolution. In this respect, we should commend Marx, for his insight in the matter justifies the idea that the bourgeoisie revolution was performed rashly and ignorantly with complete disregard for the citizens (other than those pertaining to their own group) that would be affected. All the â€Å"fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify† and therefore will never maintain what is necessary to carry out a proper, balanced government. These barbaric groups of individuals only take into account their personal gain; they always seek and will seek the best way to take advantage of their political power. We must acknowledge that, as opposed to the godless society that socialism proposes under what seems like an imaginative state of mind, the bourgeoisie still maintain the stratification system that any society would be lost without. However, this system means very little without the hard-earned and well established institutions which lasted centuries, pleased millions and most importantly survived the test of time when even the greatest of men could not. With said institutions displaced, there are none to replace them for â€Å"no simple disposition or direction of power can be suitable either to man’s nature, or to the quality of his affairs† which makes the bourgeoisie unprepared and simply unfit to compose a brand new government to fill the hole left in current society. Marx justly shames the bourgeois State for not only eradicating long standing institutions. And I venture further in shaming them, for â€Å"our institutions can never be embodied†¦ so as to create in us love, veneration, admiration, or attachment†¦. [And] that sort of reason which banishes the ffections is incapable of filling their place†3. To think that a group of selfish, barbaric, rash individuals can enhance a government that was built on devotion and respect is a false assumption of all that is reasonable. Granted, Karl Marx would do away with all forms of stratification, but he still recognizes one of the greatest faults in th e current regime: the bourgeoisie â€Å"has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation†. It has converted our most sacred institution into a power- and production-gaining scheme where arrogance is encouraged and love for our country blatantly dejected. Marx firmly believed that the entirety of the working class was to unite and create a communal system in which every man is entitled the fruits of other men’s labor and vice-versa. This view includes the idea that all property is communal and that man has no country, meaning all major aspects of current economy should belong to the State. Hard working men fulfill their duty for all of society to benefit and no one particular man would be deemed to work better, faster, or for a higher wage than another man, in any form (through wages, property or social status). Simple measures must be implemented in order to win the battle of democracy which include, among others, the removal of all private property and the appropriation of all rents of land to the State, the â€Å"abolition of all rights of inheritance† and the centralization of the State, where all assets pertaining to individuals are to turnover to the government. Thus, property is the least of concerns for the citizen, allowing him to concentrate on providing for the State and continuing the honorable day’s work with shoulders free of the burden of property. Once this is achieved, the opportunity for one class to gain influence or to oppress another, is abolished and with it the concept of political power and class distinction. Such is the view of the communist thinker: a delusional and imagined society where all that is needed for its success is the simple division of all property and the encouragement of camaraderie between all working men. But a decent, well educated thinker would easily disprove this idiotic belief. Property is one of the best traditional institutions. It allows for diversity in classes where by nature, no one can or should be equal. One cannot deny that a man’s natural rights â€Å"exist in total independence† of government and therefore there is no need for its interference in the most sacred of rights: private property. This distinction, granted from birth is, in the views of a sane mind, â€Å"neither unnatural, nor unjust, nor impolitic†7. In simpler words, the right to private property provides, for the stabilization of the State as a whole, security for those entitled to family wealth. The family, one of the strongest and most important traditional institutions in present-day society, depends on â€Å"the power of perpetuating property [for it is]†¦ one of the most valuable and interesting circumstances belonging to it, and that which tends the most to the perpetuation of society itself†7. Without the appropriation of property to the rightful group, the institution composed of family and its values is dissolved. Any paradigm advocating the abolition of property and the removal of family values cannot act as the basis for a successful government. There must be a deprivation of the power to subdue the labor of others through the unequal distribution of products, they say, but â€Å"let [the] large proprietors be†¦the ballast in the vessel of the commonwealth† to allow for balance in society so men can understand the value of their work and the importance of their family. Revolutionaries of any breed, the bourgeois or the socialists, must learn that stomping their feet in protest will merely cause them pain against the cold, stone ground. That is to say, only a well educated, pious, well mannered people should and must control a government to guide and protect the ignorant minds of its subjects for â€Å"even in the mass and body as well as in the individuals, the inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted, their will controlled, and their passions brought into subjection†9. We simply cannot allow a group of uneducated, irrational men to control a government meant for an elite, highly educated and well mannered society. For this very reason, not only is the bourgeoisie unfit to rule society but also the socialist party must be prevented from assuming any sort of political influence on the State. The current state of affairs is an utter disgrace where inferior, mechanical and unlearned men have the fate their peers in their hands. If Marx’s socialists were to have their way, society will meet its doom much faster and under more shame than if any other form of barbaric, rashly driven group were in its place. The pride and essence of any government or institution relies on a well established, patient and fitting group of individuals for â€Å"it is [this] substance and mass of the body which constitutes its character, and must finally determine its direction†10. Marx’s socialists are merely workers, petty wage-laborers that rely on a week’s work for a day’s subsistence; the very same people that cloud the streets in filth, spread disease and would barely be able to make out the headline of a newspaper. To even slightly entertain the idea that such a group is equal or shares the same sensibilities and needs that accompany a respectable and cultured man throughout his day, is preposterous. And to venture further into saying that the work of every man, regardless of merit or education or natural social status, shall be uniformly divided amongst every participant and no one man shall acquire more or less than the man next to him, is an even more appalling idea than the latter. To substitute an ignorant bourgeois regime, â€Å"we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for free development of all† and where the stratification of class shall be abolished. Is this really the rational conclusion men have come to? Have we no faith or hope for the progress and rightful place of the well respected man in society? That in order for our world to succeed, we must work for the benefit of godless men who have no filial or patriotic attachment to any substance of value and who regard proper morals as a form of subjection? This so called proletariat class of unskilled or semiskilled workers will shortly meet its demise for even throughout the leadership of the great royal family, one could easily identify the greed and avarice in the eyes of the lower class and surely a concentrated group of these people with a shameless lack of education and culture will stray into the hands of said petty feelings once more if only given the opportunity. We cannot entrust and put forth our most sacred ideals and morals in the hands of those who know not what they are or what to do with them. Simply put, â€Å"by having a right to every thing, they [will] want every thing† and thus we can expect they will take from those who respectfully and naturally obtained their fortune, both material and otherwise. The irrational concept of socialism and the so called solution to the bourgeois problem is clearly and undoubtedly the offspring of uneducated and cold hearted thought. We cannot expect for such decisions to comply with the proper and just ideas behind a successful government and we certainly cannot accept those who wish to implement it under the pretence that we are all equal and should strive for a communal society. Class stratification maintains the balance and social order of the strongest of governments and institutions and should never be compromised to fulfill the greedy wants and arrogant needs of the uneducated, unfit and socially incompetent lower class. We must keep in mind that these people have no regard for our values, morals, property, attachments, or ideals. They want to take our land and our possessions, in the process destroying the essence of each of our families and the great institutions which they represent, and divide it equally amongst those of lower rank in order to claim, dominate and revoke the traditions which so peacefully maintained social order throughout history. These godless, soulless beings merely want to abolish all that our ancestors spent centuries to build and replace it with the irrational concept of socialism which will inevitably collapse and leave no trace or strand of hope for those of us remaining faithful to the suitable and just form of social standards. Burke would agree that the bourgeoisie destroys long standing institutions. â€Å"All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify† (manifesto pg 6) And yet disagree with Marx’s theory on how to solve this The question is what kind of institutions we ought to value, and it is in this field that conservative thinkers stake out positions that separate them from liberals and libertarians alike.

The Underrepresentation of Minorities in Gifted Education free essay sample

Abstract Society has consistently overlooked minorities in identification of gifted and talented education over the past few decades. The purpose of this research paper is to show these consistencies do, in fact, exist and try to give some explanation as to why they exist and how we can overcome the negative tendencies of Underrepresentation of minorities in the school programs that are meant to identify gifted students regardless of the socio-economic background and race.The Underrepresentation of Minorities in Gifted Education Introduction L. T. Anguiano stated that gifted and talented education student is defined as â€Å"any student who has the potential to perform at a higher intellectual capability than other students of the same age. These students may demonstrate high intelligence, artistic ability and/or creativity. Specific selection procedures measure a student’s academic and intellectual abilities which will result in the possibility of placement into the gifted program† (Anguiano, 2003).Students who are identified as gifted and talented usually possess a talent for having higher-order thinking skills and become somewhat bored when waiting on their fellow classmates to catch up to their learning. We will write a custom essay sample on The Underrepresentation of Minorities in Gifted Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anguiano alludes to the fact that if these students are not properly identified, the will risk not achieving their â€Å"academic and social potential† (Anguiano, 2003). Significance of the Problem Gifted and Talented Education comes under the program of special education because it serves students with special needs.Each student nominated for the gifted program is given a specific test that the school uses and if the student should qualify, he/she will be placed in the program. Certain state mandates govern how each program will be implemented within a district and yearly state applications are submitted to keep the program in compliance with state standards. What are the causes of underrepresentation of minorities in gifted education?Researchers, as well as educators, have known for decades that African American students are not well represented in gifted programs; however, not much attention has been given to fact minorities include students other than African Americans. The same educational opportunities should be afforded to all students regardless of race or socio-economic background. Underrepresentation of minorities in gifted education is a debated issue that is hard to understand today. This issue has been studied by the National Academy of Science.One of the many issues that were being studied by that panel was why were there so few minority students in programs for gifted students (Sarouphim, 2004)? There clearly were fewer minority students in programs for gifted when compared to the student body as a whole. The one exception was the Asian population. But what did that difference mean? Since IQ scores were the chief means of identification of the gifted it means that ethnic minority students scored lower on the measures of intelligence than did the typical white students as a group.At the same time, one should remember that some of the minority students scored at the highest levels of these tests (Gallagher, 2005). In the Roeper Review (2005) Gallagher stated that since it is politically incorrect to think that such a disparity would represent such an idea as academic disproportion among races, a search was initiated to determine optional explanations. One of the searches found that IQ tests were assumed to be racially biased and there was a need to locate measurers that would make the results come out even. These measures were found to be non-existent.The measures showed the same differences among the races (Gallagher, 2005). Gallagher also added that another search found that programs for the gifted were viewed by some critics as being somewhat discriminatory. They felt that gifted classes stood in the way of true equality in education. That is one of the reasons, Gallagher says, that many political supporters of educational reforms or initiatives turn against the gifted and talented programs (Gallagher, 2002). But one does not have to believe in some great political scheme to believe in these results, nor to the genetic differences among the races.Where does the truth lie? The truth seems to be that both measured intelligence and academic performance are a complex combination of cognitive inheritance plus opportunity and practice in the development of abstract language and thinking. (Gallagher, 2005) If a minority group in our society has very little opportunity, or low motivation to master the development of language in the early developmental years then who should be shocked that these minorities are later found to be unequal in academic achievement or IQ scores in comparison to majority groups? Summary of Supporting Research L. T.Anguiano’s research on underrepresentation of minority students in gifted education discusses what gifted education is and why minorities have been continuously underrepresented in GT programs. She also gave significant approaches to promote a high-qu ality education for all students regardless of ethnicity or socio-economic status. Anguiano said that minorities have been underrepresented in gifted education because of the lack of education opportunities available to minorities because of language barriers and socio-economic status (Anguiano, 2003). L. M. Cohen’s research shows that many students come from various cultural groups.These students were shown as having certain skills that are likely to be disregarded by the majority of teachers because of their background and the opportunities afforded to them. Procedures for identifying GT students should be developed for language delayed students and the procedures were documented throughout the study shown in this article. It also explores the debate with the legitimacy of the testing instruments used to identify GT students (Cohen, 2000). M. R. Coleman’s article on the identification of students who are gifted discussed the fact that very few areas in the education of children with ultural differences are as divisive as the identification of students who are gifted. She showed the pros and cons of labeling the students. This specific digest discusses the identification of students who are gifted, the difficult process of identification and practices, and procedures for helping GT administrators with identification (Coleman, 2003). James Gallagher discussed the role of race in gifted education in his article. He explained a study that was done by the National Academy of Science. One issue that was investigated and studied was why there were so few minority students in GT programs across the United States. The results indicated a serious problem that should not be overlooked or refused but was being denied because of lack of knowledge on the part of the administrators and community on how to deal with these issues (Gallagher, 2005). He gave suggestions on how to deal with the lack of fair testing instruments and identification procedures. (Gallagher, 2005). Gallagher’s second study reviews the policies in place for gifted education. It included a description of the policy making in identification of GT students, placement into the program, and accountability for the program guidelines.The rules discussed are the rules that are handed down by the government by way of court decisions, administrative rule making, and professional standards (Gallagher, 2002) and the problems that concern discrimination in today’s society. It ends with new policies that the Gallagher felt were needed to make sure our gifted students are served equally (Gallagher, 2002). In Promoting Sustained Growth in the Representation of African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans Among Top Students in the United States At All Levels of the Education System, L. S.Miller uses GPA, class rank and standardized test scores show a pattern of underrepresentation among minorities (Miller, 2004). This study showed that many students from minority groups had parents who did not complete high school. She recommended that several new research studies be created concerning the development of a program helping to improve the schools and help them better serve underrepresented areas. It was highly recommended that these studies be done within new non-profit organizations or universities so they would have the freedom and independence needed to their research (Miller, 2004).Addressing the Achievement Gap Between Minority and Nonminority Children by Increasing Access to Gifted Programs by Olszewski-Kubilius, Lee, Ngoi and Ngoi discussed a three year project EXCITE that is used in a university based gifted center that is designed to prepare gifted minority students for advanced classes in math and science (Olszewski-Kubilius, Lee, Ngoi Ngoi, 2004). It was found that 30% of the minority students qualified for advanced classes in grade six after two years in the program (Olszewski-Kubilius, Lee, Ngoi Ngoi, 2004).The Journal for the Education of the Gifted had an article by M. Sanders describing a community-based study/project that centered on the use of creativity as a tool help with the social problems within the minority groups. Urban Odyssey is a camp for adolescent GT students designed to provide inner-city students with opportunities to use creativity to help them learn to deal with racism and other ethical issues (Sanders, 2004) Sarouphim wrote Discover in Middle School: Identifying Gifted Minority Students.The journal article discussed an investigative program using Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and DISCOVER (Discovering Intellectual Strengths and Capabilities through Observation while allowing for Varied Ethnic Responses). DISCOVER is a performance-based assessment. The study did not show any significant diffe rences in performance due to gender or ethnicity. This program is being utilized to help identify more minorities as gifted since no one area of the giftedness applies to everyone (Sarouphim, 2004). The Teaching Commission discusses the current No Child Left Behind Act that President Bush endorses.Teaching At Risk: A Guide To Action gives information on the act and is informative about the current awareness of students being left behind in education due to their diverse backgrounds. The No Child Left Behind Act is mandated to make education attainable to all students not just the elite (The Teaching Commission, 2004). Proposed Solutions Proposed studies showed that both measured intelligence and academic performance are a complex combination of learning abilities. Student’s background, opportunity and motivation are major factors in academic achievement.Since many minority groups lack the opportunities that majority groups are offered, it only seems likely that they will perform at a less desirable level than those who are m ore fortunate in the same areas of education (Olszewski-Kubillius, Lee, Ngoi Ngoi, 2004). It was pointed out by Gallagher that four actions can help improve the intellectual development of the minority groups and they include identifying the talent early, organizing the instruction to fit the student’s individual needs, making available diverse adult role models from the community, and developing the skills needed by being willing to give 100% daily to be successful. Gallagher, 2002) Educators should be willing to help these students reach their full potential. No Child Left Behind is intended to guarantee a superior education to all students, especially those at risk for failure (The Teaching Commission, 2004). Over time, this program expects to reduce the gap between low and high performing groups by making schools and teachers more accountable for the education of students through test scores. Schools are being held responsible for this endeavor resulting in a multitude of state take-overs of schools that do not pass the cut-off score that the state dictates.T he assessment tools used for gifted and talented identification have been under a microscope since its inception. Testing tools are not always adequate for identifying students from diverse backgrounds. The norming of these tools may reflect a different population from that of the student’s. When these measurements are culturally biased, it puts the minority student at a disadvantage. The language barriers that are more prevalent today may cause a disadvantage for the tested student. Current measures are being strongly encouraged to provide testing and other pertinent information to be available in languages other than English.As the number of minority students continues to increase rapidly in the United States, diversity needs to be viewed in a positive sense. Parents also need to be connected to the school and community to avoid fears of alienation. Conclusion Bringing the issue of underrepresentation of minorities in gifted education to the forefront allows the community and schools to make positive changes that will be beneficial to all students. Offering suitable gifted and talented programs for students from culturally diverse backgrounds is a challenge that school districts face.Because culturally diverse students represent a rising percentage of the total school population, meeting the educational needs of these students is crucial (Cohen, 2000). Every student should be allowed to rise above the negative connotations that have been dealt to them in the past. References Anguiano, L. T. (2003, Fall). Underrepresentation of minority students in gifted and talented education. Retrieved September 23, 2006, from http://find. articles. com/p/articles/mi_ga3935/is_200310/ai_n9322277 Cohen, L. M. (2000, April 20).